NEOLITHIC FARMERS
Failing to detect significant African or Middle Eastern ancestry in Southern Europe, hardcore Nordicists have been forced to use the higher frequency of Neolithic Levantine ancestry in the South as evidence of "non-white" admixture. However, they forget that this ancestry dates back to pre-historic times (c. 10,000 B.P.), that anthropology has differentiated its carriers from contemporary Near Eastern races, and that all Europeans are part Neolithic, perhaps to a greater extent than previously thought.
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Anthropology
"There are two variants of the Classic Mediterranean type—straight-nosed and hook-nosed. The former is the more primitive and the more widely distributed. It extended in prehistoric times along both shores of the Mediterranean, into central, western, and northern Europe and down into the Horn of Africa. Its area of characterization and source of dissemination cannot have been far from the traditional Garden of Eden—Mesopotamia, which archaeologists include in 'the Fertile Crescent.'
"The expansion of the aquiline or hook-nosed Mediterranean type seems to have been somewhat more limited and probably later than that of the straight-nosed variant. In historical times, it was carried into North Africa and Spain principally by the Arabs, but other Semitic-speaking and non-Semitic peoples of prehistoric times may well have possessed this variation. Some of this type may have reached India, but nasal convexity there seems largely the result of infusions of the Iranian Plateau type."
(Earnest Hooton, Up from the Ape)
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Genetics
The lineages associated with migrations of Neolithic agriculturalists are Middle Eastern HG9 and North African HG21 (Y-chromosome), as well as J, T1, U3 and certain H and W subclusters (mtDNA). Note the uneven distribution of these below, with paternal ancestry differing greatly between SE and SW Europeans despite close racial ties, and maternal ancestry being higher in N and C Europeans than in S Europeans.
HG9/21 Frequencies for Europe, Central Asia and the Mediterranean:
Algerians.....93% (41/52)
N Africans....89% (12/77)
Cypriots......60% (33/27)
Greeks........56% (28/28)
Turks.........43% (33/10)
Ossetians.....40% (34/ 6)
Armenians.....32% (29/ 3)
Italians......32% (18/14)
Romanians.....31% (24/ 7)
Bulgarians....29% (12/17)
Georgians.....25% (23/ 2)
Yugoslavs.....21% ( 8/13)
Hungarians....20% ( 3/17)
Czechs........19% (11/
Portuguese....19% ( 7/12)
Dutchmen......15% ( 7/
Frenchmen.....13% ( 5/
Slovakians....13% ( 3/10)
Spaniards.....13% ( 3/10)
Slovenians....13% ( 6/ 7)
Chuvash.......12% ( 6/ 6)
Belarusians...12% ( 2/10)
Russians......11% ( 4/ 7)
Germans.......10% ( 5/ 5)
Danes..........9% ( 7/ 2)
Poles..........6% ( 4/ 2)
Maris..........6% ( 6/ 0)
Ukrainians.....4% ( 0/ 4)
East Anglians..4% ( 1/ 3)
Belgians.......4% ( 5/ 2)
Swedes.........4% ( 2/ 2)
Norwegians.....4% ( 2/ 2)
Estonians......4% ( 1/ 3)
Irishmen.......3% ( 1/ 2)
Finns..........2% ( 0/ 2)
Scotsmen.......1% ( 1/ 0)
Cornishmen.....0% ( 0/ 0)
Latvians.......0% ( 0/ 0)
Lithuanians....0% ( 0/ 0)
Icelanders.....0% ( 0/ 0)
Lapps..........0% ( 0/ 0)
Basques........0% ( 0/ 0)
(Rosser et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2000)
Neolithic mtDNA Frequencies (Europe only):
North-West.........22%
(Irish, English, Welsh, Cornish and French)
South-East.........20% (Bulgarians and Romanians)
North-East.........18% (Finns, Karelians, Estonians, Chuvash and Russians)
North-Central......17% (Germans, Czechs, Danes and Poles)
Alps...............15% (Austrians, Swiss and Bavarians)
Scandinavia........12% (Norwegians, Icelanders and Swedes)
Western Med........12% (Galicians, Spaniards and Portuguese)
Eastern Med........11% (Greeks and Albanians)
Central Med.........9% (Sardinians, Sicilians, Tuscans and Romans)
Basque Country......7% (Spanish Basques)
(Richards et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2000)
* * *
"We analyzed a large dataset of 22 binary markers from the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome.... The results reveal a significantly larger genetic contribution from Neolithic farmers than did previous indirect approaches based on the distribution of haplotypes selected by using post hoc criteria.... We also argue that local hunter-gatherers contributed less than 30% in the original settlements. This finding leads us to reject a predominantly cultural transmission of agriculture.
"We found an average Neolithic contribution of 50% across all samples, 56% for the Mediterranean subset and 44% in non-Mediterranean samples. Thus, whichever region of Europe is considered, we find that the average value is more than twice that suggested by [previous studies] on the basis of the more readily apparent trends.
Albanians...........74%
Greeks..............71%
Macedonians.........69%
Georgians...........64%
Calabrians..........61%
Hungarians..........60%
Croatians...........56%
Poles...............52%
North Italians......46%
Ukrainians..........44%
Dutchmen............41%
Germans.............40%
Catalans............39%
Frenchmen...........38%
Czechs/Slovaks......38%
Andalusians.........31%
Sardinians..........15%
"Our assessment of the demographic impact of the Neolithic expansion into Europe is largely independent from, but appears consistent with, archaeological evidence, simulations, and classical studies of allele frequencies. Despite some reports of its demise, the original [demic diffusion] model proposed by Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza is more alive than ever."
(Chikhi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2002)
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Coon's 'Races of Europe' - topic - Bulgaria
So far, the metrical position of the main group of Bulgarians is that of a moderately tall-statured Mediterranean group, with the addition of some brachycephalizing agent in a minor numerical position. The pigmentation of the Bulgars, while lighter than that of the Greeks, is predominantly dark. .......
The basic element is the Atlanto-Mediterranean, which probably goes back to the Neolithic;
Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Bulgarians--contribution to understanding the origin of the population.
Ivanova M, Spassova P, Michailova A, Naumova E.
Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
In this study we present for the first time HLA class I allele and haplotype frequencies at DNA level in the Bulgarian population. HLA class I profile of Bulgarians has been compared to other European and Mediterranean populations of common historical background in order to clarify more precisely the origin of our population
Genetic distances, phylogenetic trees and correspondence analyses show that the Bulgarian population is more closely related to the Italian, the Mediterranean, the Armenian and the Romanian population than to the other East and West European population. This is further supported by the analysis of HLA class I haplotypes in Bulgarians. Most of them are also common in Europe. However their frequency pattern in Bulgarians is similar to the South European populations.
The presence of some rare alleles and haplotypes indicated Asian genetic inflow. On the basis of HLA class I profile and supported by historical and anthropological data, we suggest that the Bulgarian population is characterized by the features of the Southern European anthropological type with some influence of other groups such as Asians, Turks, Armenians. Migrations and assimilation of many different ethnic groups are the major factor determining the genetic diversity of our population.
PMID: 11285128 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations.
Ivanova M, Rozemuller E, Tyufekchiev N, Michailova A, Tilanus M, Naumova E.
Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
In the present study we analyzed for the first time HLA class I and class II polymorphisms defined by high-resolution typing methods in the Bulgarian population. Comparisons with other populations of common historical background were performed. Most HLA-A, -B, -DRB alleles and haplotypes observed in the Bulgarian population are also common in Europe. Alleles and haplotypes considered as Mediterranean are relatively frequent in the Bulgarian population.
Observation of Oriental alleles confirms the contribution of Asians to the genetic diversity of Bulgarians. The use of high-resolution typing methods allowed to identify allele variants rare for Europeans that were correlated to specific population groups. Phylogenetic and correspondence analyses showed that Bulgarians are more closely related to Macedonians, Greeks, and Romanians than to other European populations and Middle Eastern people living near the Mediterranean. The HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 allele and haplotype diversity defined by high-resolution DNA methods confirm that the Bulgarian population is characterized by features of southern European anthropological type with some influence of additional ethnic groups.
Implementation of high-resolution typing methods allows a significantly wider spectrum of HLA variation to be detected, including rare alleles and haplotypes, and further clarifies the origin of Bulgarians.
Което е далеч от "доброволни начала".
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